建立网站需要准备的材料,物流公司简介模板,阿里云备案域名,广州建设培训网站CSDIY#xff1a;这是一个非科班学生的努力之路#xff0c;从今天开始这个系列会长期更新#xff0c;#xff08;最好做到日更#xff09;#xff0c;我会慢慢把自己目前对CS的努力逐一上传#xff0c;帮助那些和我一样有着梦想的玩家取得胜利#xff01;#xff01;这是一个非科班学生的努力之路从今天开始这个系列会长期更新最好做到日更我会慢慢把自己目前对CS的努力逐一上传帮助那些和我一样有着梦想的玩家取得胜利 第一弹Cpp零基础学习【30 DAYS 从0到1】 第二弹Cpp刷题文档【LeetCode】 第三弹Go开发入门【字节后端青训营】 ByteDance青训营 后端方向 00 Go 语言入门 Go 语言快速上手 1.2 什么是 Go 语言
高性能、高并发语法简单、学习曲线平缓入门到开发项目只需要一周时间丰富的标准库类似 Cpp 有很多标准库减少第三方库的使用完善的的工具链代码补充、代码管理等静态链接只需要一个可执行文件即可部署方便快速编译跨平台跨Window/Linux/Unix/Mac垃圾回收自动内存分配和释放
1.2 哪些公司在用
ByteDanceGoogleTencentfacebookDiDiBilibiliMeituan
1.3 为什么 ByteDance 使用 Go
C不适合在线Web性能优秀、部署简单、学习成本低内部 RPC 和 HTTP 框架的推广
2.1 开发环境
Golang
2.2 基础语法
Hello World
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {fmt.Println(Hello, World!)
}变量
package mainimport (fmtmath
)func main() {var a initialvar b, c int 1, 2var d truevar e float64f : float32(e)g : a foofmt.Println(a, b, c, d, e, f) // initial 1 2 true 0 0fmt.Println(g) // initialappleconst s string constantconst h 500000000const i 3e20 / hfmt.Println(s, h, i, math.Sin(h), math.Sin(i))
}if else
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {if 7%2 0 {fmt.Println(7 is even)} else {fmt.Println(7 is odd)}if 8%4 0 {fmt.Println(8 is divisible by 4)}if num : 9; num 0 {fmt.Println(num, is negative)} else if num 10 {fmt.Println(num, has 1 digit)} else {fmt.Println(num, has multiple digits)}
}循环
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {i : 1for {fmt.Println(loop)break}for j : 7; j 9; j {fmt.Println(j)}for n : 0; n 5; n {if n%2 0 {continue}fmt.Println(n)}for i 3 {fmt.Println(i)i i 1}
}switch
自动执行break
package mainimport (fmttime
)func main() {a : 2switch a {case 1:fmt.Println(one)case 2:fmt.Println(two)case 3:fmt.Println(three)case 4, 5:fmt.Println(four or five)default:fmt.Println(other)}t : time.Now()switch {case t.Hour() 12:fmt.Println(Its before noon)default:fmt.Println(Its after noon)}
}数组
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {var a [5]inta[4] 100fmt.Println(get:, a[2])fmt.Println(len:, len(a))b : [5]int{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}fmt.Println(b)var twoD [2][3]intfor i : 0; i 2; i {for j : 0; j 3; j {twoD[i][j] i j}}fmt.Println(2d: , twoD)
}切片
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {s : make([]string, 3) // 创建切片 Ss[0] as[1] bs[2] cfmt.Println(get:, s[2]) // cfmt.Println(len:, len(s)) // 3s append(s, d)s append(s, e, f)fmt.Println(s) // [a b c d e f]c : make([]string, len(s))copy(c, s)fmt.Println(c) // [a b c d e f]fmt.Println(s[2:5]) // [c d e] 从 2 到 5不含fmt.Println(s[:5]) // [a b c d e]fmt.Println(s[2:]) // [c d e f]good : []string{g, o, o, d}fmt.Println(good) // [g o o d]
}map
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {m : make(map[string]int)m[one] 1m[two] 2fmt.Println(m) // map[one:1 two:2]fmt.Println(len(m)) // 2fmt.Println(m[one]) // 1fmt.Println(m[unknow]) // 0r, ok : m[unknow]fmt.Println(r, ok) // 0 falsedelete(m, one)m2 : map[string]int{one: 1, two: 2}var m3 map[string]int{one: 1, two: 2}fmt.Println(m2, m3)
}range
package mainimport fmtfunc main() {nums : []int{2, 3, 4}sum : 0for i, num : range nums {sum numif num 2 {fmt.Println(index:, i, num:, num) // index: 0 num: 2}}fmt.Println(sum) // 9m : map[string]string{a: A, b: B}for k, v : range m {fmt.Println(k, v) // b 8; a A}for k : range m {fmt.Println(key, k) // key a; key b}
}函数
函数会有两个结果一个是函数返回值一个是错误结果
package mainimport fmtfunc add(a int, b int) int {return a b
}func add2(a, b int) int {return a b
}func exists(m map[string]string, k string) (v string, ok bool) {v, ok m[k]return v, ok // 两个返回值 ok 表示错误结果
}func main() {res : add(1, 2)fmt.Println(res) // 3v, ok : exists(map[string]string{a: A}, a)fmt.Println(v, ok) // A True
}指针
package mainimport fmt// 实际上无效 因为传入的是copy的参数
func add2(n int) {n 2
}func add2ptr(n *int) {*n 2
}func main() {n : 5add2(n)fmt.Println(n) // 5add2ptr(n)fmt.Println(n) // 7
}结构体
package mainimport fmttype user struct {name stringpassword string
}func main() {// 初始化结构体变量a : user{name: wang, password: 1024}b : user{wang, 1024}c : user{name: wang}c.password 1024var d user// 像 C 语言一样初始化、赋值操作d.name wangd.password 1024fmt.Println(a, b, c, d) // {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024} {wang 1024}fmt.Println(checkPassword(a, haha)) // falsefmt.Println(checkPassword2(a, haha)) // false
}func checkPassword(u user, password string) bool {return u.password password
}func checkPassword2(u *user, password string) bool {return u.password password
}结构体方法
package mainimport fmttype user struct {name stringpassword string
}// 结构体函数
func (u user) checkPassword(password string) bool {return u.password password
}func (u *user) resetPassword(password string) {u.password password
}func main() {a : user{name: wang, password: 1024}a.resetPassword(2048)fmt.Println(a.checkPassword(2048)) // true
}错误处理
对于可能发生错误的函数可以返回一个错误信息结合 if else 提高性能
package mainimport (errorsfmt
)type user struct {name stringpassword string
}func findUser(users []user, name string) (v *user, err error) {for _, u : range users {if u.name name {return u, nil}}return nil, errors.New(not found)
}func main() {u, err : findUser([]user{{wang, 1024}}, wang)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(err)return}fmt.Println(u.name) // wangif u, err : findUser([]user{{wang, 1024}}, li); err ! nil {fmt.Println(err) // not foundreturn} else {fmt.Println(u.name)}
}字符串处理
go 语言字符串可以直接相加结合
package mainimport (fmtstrings
)func main() {a : hellofmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, ll)) // truefmt.Println(strings.Count(a, l)) // 2fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix(a, he)) // truefmt.Println(strings.HasSuffix(a, llo)) // truefmt.Println(strings.Index(a, ll)) // 2fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{he, llo}, -)) // he-llofmt.Println(strings.Repeat(a, 2)) // hellohellofmt.Println(strings.Replace(a, e, E, -1)) // hEllofmt.Println(strings.Split(a-b-c, -)) // [a b c]fmt.Println(strings.ToLower(a)) // hellofmt.Println(strings.ToUpper(a)) // HELLOfmt.Println(len(a)) // 5b : 你好fmt.Println(len(b)) // 6
}字符串格式化
可以用 %v 通用表示字符串数字结构体值
%v打印结构体字段名字、值
%#v打印结构体名称、字段名字、值
也可以用 %.2f 打印小数点
package mainimport fmttype point struct {x, y int
}func main() {s : hellon : 123p : point{1, 2}fmt.Println(s, n) // hello 123fmt.Println(p) // {1 2}fmt.Printf(s%v\n, s) // shellofmt.Printf(n%v\n, n) // n123fmt.Printf(p%v\n, p) // p{1 2}fmt.Printf(p%v\n, p) // p{x:1 y:2}fmt.Printf(p%#v\n, p) // pmain.point{x:1, y:2}f : 3.141592653fmt.Println(f) // 3.141592653fmt.Printf(%.2f\n, f) // 3.14
}JSON 处理
package mainimport (encoding/jsonfmt
)type userInfo struct {Name stringAge int json:ageHobby []string
}func main() {a : userInfo{Name: wang, Age: 18, Hobby: []string{Golang, TypeScript}}buf, err : json.Marshal(a)if err ! nil {panic(err)}fmt.Println(buf) // [123 34 78 97...]fmt.Println(string(buf)) // {Name:wang,age:18,Hobby:[Golang,TypeScript]}buf, err json.MarshalIndent(a, , \t)if err ! nil {panic(err)}fmt.Println(string(buf))var b userInfoerr json.Unmarshal(buf, b)if err ! nil {panic(err)}fmt.Printf(%#v\n, b) // main.userInfo{Name:wang, Age:18, Hobby:[]string{Golang, TypeScript}}
}时间处理
package mainimport (fmttime
)func main() {now : time.Now()fmt.Println(now) // 2022-03-27 18:04:59.433297 0800 CST m0.000087933t : time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 1, 25, 36, 0, time.UTC)t2 : time.Date(2022, 3, 27, 2, 30, 36, 0, time.UTC)fmt.Println(t) // 2022-03-27 01:25:36 0000 UTCfmt.Println(t.Year(), t.Month(), t.Day(), t.Hour(), t.Minute()) // 2022 March 27 1 25fmt.Println(t.Format(2006-01-02 15:04:05)) // 2022-03-27 01:25:36// 可以计算两个时间之间的时间段diff : t2.Sub(t)fmt.Println(diff) // 1h5m0sfmt.Println(diff.Minutes(), diff.Seconds()) // 65 3900// 可以将字符串解析为时间戳t3, err : time.Parse(2006-01-02 15:04:05, 2022-03-27 01:25:36)if err ! nil {panic(err)}fmt.Println(t3 t) // truefmt.Println(now.Unix()) // 1648738080
}数字解析
数字和字符串互相转化
package mainimport (fmtstrconv
)func main() {f, _ : strconv.ParseFloat(1.234, 64)fmt.Println(f) // 1.234n, _ : strconv.ParseInt(111, 10, 64)fmt.Println(n) // 111n, _ strconv.ParseInt(0x1000, 0, 64)fmt.Println(n) // 4096n2, _ : strconv.Atoi(123)fmt.Println(n2) // 123n2, err : strconv.Atoi(AAA)fmt.Println(n2, err) // 0 strconv.Atoi: parsing AAA: invalid syntax
}进程信息
package mainimport (fmtosos/exec
)func main() {// go run example/20-env/main.go a b c dfmt.Println(os.Args) // [/var/folders/8p/n34xxfnx38dg8bv_x8l62t_m0000gn/T/go-build3406981276/b001/exe/main a b c d]// 环境变量fmt.Println(os.Getenv(PATH)) // /usr/local/go/bin...fmt.Println(os.Setenv(AA, BB))// 输入输出buf, err : exec.Command(grep, 127.0.0.1, /etc/hosts).CombinedOutput()if err ! nil {panic(err)}fmt.Println(string(buf)) // 127.0.0.1 localhost
}3.1 猜谜游戏
3.1.1 生成随机数
package mainimport (fmtmath/rand
)func main() {maxNum : 100// 使用 rand 包来生成随机数secretNumber : rand.Intn(maxNum)fmt.Println(The secret number is , secretNumber)
}输出发现每次产生的随机数都会生成相同的数字需要加上随机数种子
3.1.2 生成随机数 V2
package mainimport (fmtmath/randtime
)func main() {maxNum : 100// 添加时间随机数种子达到随机目的rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())secretNumber : rand.Intn(maxNum)fmt.Println(The secret number is , secretNumber)
}3.1.3 读取用户输入
package mainimport (bufio // 读取输入输出的包fmtmath/randosstrconvstringstime
)func main() {maxNum : 100rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())secretNumber : rand.Intn(maxNum)fmt.Println(The secret number is , secretNumber)fmt.Println(Please input your guess)// 读取用户一行输入reader : bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)input, err : reader.ReadString(\n)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(An error occured while reading input. Please try again, err)return}// 去掉换行符input strings.Trim(input, \r\n)// 字符串转换为数字Atoiguess, err : strconv.Atoi(input)// 转换失败的时候 输出错误消息if err ! nil {fmt.Println(Invalid input. Please enter an integer value)return}fmt.Println(You guess is, guess)
}3.1.4 实现判断逻辑
package mainimport (bufiofmtmath/randosstrconvstringstime
)func main() {maxNum : 100rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())secretNumber : rand.Intn(maxNum)fmt.Println(The secret number is , secretNumber)fmt.Println(Please input your guess)reader : bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)input, err : reader.ReadString(\n)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(An error occured while reading input. Please try again, err)return}input strings.Trim(input, \r\n)guess, err : strconv.Atoi(input)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(Invalid input. Please enter an integer value)return}fmt.Println(You guess is, guess)if guess secretNumber {fmt.Println(Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again)} else if guess secretNumber {fmt.Println(Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again)} else {fmt.Println(Correct, you Legend!)}
}添加了是否判断正确的逻辑但是用户只能输入一次此时需要考虑添加循环实现用户多次输入。
3.1.5 实现游戏循环
package mainimport (bufiofmtmath/randosstrconvstringstime
)func main() {maxNum : 100rand.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())secretNumber : rand.Intn(maxNum)// 屏蔽随机数结果// fmt.Println(The secret number is , secretNumber)fmt.Println(Please input your guess)fmt.scanf(num)reader : bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)for {input, err : reader.ReadString(\n)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(An error occured while reading input. Please try again, err)// 出错的时候继续下一次循环continue}input strings.Trim(input, \r\n)guess, err : strconv.Atoi(input)if err ! nil {fmt.Println(Invalid input. Please enter an integer value)// 出错的时候继续下一次循环continue}fmt.Println(You guess is, guess)if guess secretNumber {fmt.Println(Your guess is bigger than the secret number. Please try again)} else if guess secretNumber {fmt.Println(Your guess is smaller than the secret number. Please try again)} else {fmt.Println(Correct, you Legend!)// 成功时 break 跳出循环break}}
}3.2 在线词典
调用第三方 API 进行在线查询
3.2.1 抓包 调用 API : https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/#/ curl https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict \-H accept: application/json, text/plain, */* \-H accept-language: zh \-H app-name: xiaoyi \-H authorization: Bearer \-H content-type: application/json;charsetUTF-8 \-H device-id: d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88 \-H origin: https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com \-H os-type: web \-H os-version; \-H priority: u1, i \-H referer: https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/ \-H sec-ch-ua: Chromium;v130, Google Chrome;v130, Not?A_Brand;v99 \-H sec-ch-ua-mobile: ?0 \-H sec-ch-ua-platform: Windows \-H sec-fetch-dest: empty \-H sec-fetch-mode: cors \-H sec-fetch-site: cross-site \-H sec-gpc: 1 \-H user-agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 \-H x-authorization: token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi \--data-raw {trans_type:en2zh,source:hello}3.2.2 代码生成
将上面的代码转化为 go 语言代码 代码生成https://curlconverter.com/go/ package mainimport (fmtiolognet/httpstrings
)func main() {client : http.Client{}var data strings.NewReader({trans_type:en2zh,source:hello})// 创建请求POST请求头data流req, err : http.NewRequest(POST, https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict, data)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 设置请求头req.Header.Set(accept, application/json, text/plain, */*)req.Header.Set(accept-language, zh)req.Header.Set(app-name, xiaoyi)req.Header.Set(authorization, Bearer)req.Header.Set(content-type, application/json;charsetUTF-8)req.Header.Set(device-id, d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88)req.Header.Set(origin, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com)req.Header.Set(os-type, web)req.Header.Set(os-version, )req.Header.Set(priority, u1, i)req.Header.Set(referer, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua, Chromium;v130, Google Chrome;v130, Not?A_Brand;v99)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-mobile, ?0)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-platform, Windows)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-dest, empty)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-mode, cors)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-site, cross-site)req.Header.Set(sec-gpc, 1)req.Header.Set(user-agent, Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36)req.Header.Set(x-authorization, token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi)// 发起请求返回resp和errresp, err : client.Do(req)// 如果产生err会直接退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 收到相应后立马关闭defer resp.Body.Close()// 读取响应bodyText, err : io.ReadAll(resp.Body)// 响应err也会退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}fmt.Printf(%s\n, bodyText)
}3.2.3 生成 request body
添加 JSON 字段 和 3.2.2 输出结果应当相同
package mainimport (bytesencoding/jsonfmtiolognet/http
)type DictRequest struct {TransType string json:trans_typeSource string json:sourceUserID string json:user_id
}func main() {client : http.Client{}// 初始化 request 结构变量request : DictRequest{TransType: en2zh, Source: hello}buf, err : json.Marshal(request)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 转化为 datavar data bytes.NewReader(buf)// 创建请求POST请求头data流req, err : http.NewRequest(POST, https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict, data)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 设置请求头req.Header.Set(accept, application/json, text/plain, */*)req.Header.Set(accept-language, zh)req.Header.Set(app-name, xiaoyi)req.Header.Set(authorization, Bearer)req.Header.Set(content-type, application/json;charsetUTF-8)req.Header.Set(device-id, d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88)req.Header.Set(origin, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com)req.Header.Set(os-type, web)req.Header.Set(os-version, )req.Header.Set(priority, u1, i)req.Header.Set(referer, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua, Chromium;v130, Google Chrome;v130, Not?A_Brand;v99)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-mobile, ?0)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-platform, Windows)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-dest, empty)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-mode, cors)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-site, cross-site)req.Header.Set(sec-gpc, 1)req.Header.Set(user-agent, Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36)req.Header.Set(x-authorization, token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi)// 发起请求返回resp和errresp, err : client.Do(req)// 如果产生err会直接退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 收到相应后立马关闭defer resp.Body.Close()// 读取响应bodyText, err : io.ReadAll(resp.Body)// 响应err也会退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}fmt.Printf(%s\n, bodyText)
}3.2.4 解析 response body 代码生成https://oktools.iokde.com/json2go package mainimport (bytesencoding/jsonfmtiolognet/http
)type DictRequest struct {TransType string json:trans_typeSource string json:sourceUserID string json:user_id
}type DictResponse struct {Rc int json:rcWiki struct {KnownInLaguages int json:known_in_laguagesDescription struct {Source string json:sourceTarget interface{} json:target} json:descriptionID string json:idItem struct {Source string json:sourceTarget string json:target} json:itemImageURL string json:image_urlIsSubject string json:is_subjectSitelink string json:sitelink} json:wikiDictionary struct {Prons struct {EnUs string json:en-usEn string json:en} json:pronsExplanations []string json:explanationsSynonym []string json:synonymAntonym []string json:antonymWqxExample [][]string json:wqx_exampleEntry string json:entryType string json:typeRelated []interface{} json:relatedSource string json:source} json:dictionary
}func main() {client : http.Client{}// 初始化 request 结构变量request : DictRequest{TransType: en2zh, Source: hello}buf, err : json.Marshal(request)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 转化为 datavar data bytes.NewReader(buf)// 创建请求POST请求头data流req, err : http.NewRequest(POST, https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict, data)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 设置请求头req.Header.Set(accept, application/json, text/plain, */*)req.Header.Set(accept-language, zh)req.Header.Set(app-name, xiaoyi)req.Header.Set(authorization, Bearer)req.Header.Set(content-type, application/json;charsetUTF-8)req.Header.Set(device-id, d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88)req.Header.Set(origin, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com)req.Header.Set(os-type, web)req.Header.Set(os-version, )req.Header.Set(priority, u1, i)req.Header.Set(referer, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua, Chromium;v130, Google Chrome;v130, Not?A_Brand;v99)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-mobile, ?0)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-platform, Windows)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-dest, empty)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-mode, cors)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-site, cross-site)req.Header.Set(sec-gpc, 1)req.Header.Set(user-agent, Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36)req.Header.Set(x-authorization, token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi)// 发起请求返回resp和errresp, err : client.Do(req)// 如果产生err会直接退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 收到相应后立马关闭defer resp.Body.Close()// 读取响应bodyText, err : io.ReadAll(resp.Body)// 响应err也会退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// fmt.Printf(%s\n, bodyText)var dictResponse DictResponseerr json.Unmarshal(bodyText, dictResponse)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}fmt.Printf(%#v\n, dictResponse)
}3.2.5 打印结果/完善代码
// 简易单词在线查询
// 请在新建终端中进行操作
// 输入参数1go run d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go 2单词 空格间隔
// 输入样例go run d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go hello
// 输出样例hello UK: [ˈheˈləu] US: [həˈlo]
// int.喂;哈罗
// n.引人注意的呼声
// v.向人呼(喂)package mainimport (bytesencoding/jsonfmtiolognet/httpos
)type DictRequest struct {TransType string json:trans_typeSource string json:sourceUserID string json:user_id
}type DictResponse struct {Rc int json:rcWiki struct {KnownInLaguages int json:known_in_laguagesDescription struct {Source string json:sourceTarget interface{} json:target} json:descriptionID string json:idItem struct {Source string json:sourceTarget string json:target} json:itemImageURL string json:image_urlIsSubject string json:is_subjectSitelink string json:sitelink} json:wikiDictionary struct {Prons struct {EnUs string json:en-usEn string json:en} json:pronsExplanations []string json:explanationsSynonym []string json:synonymAntonym []string json:antonymWqxExample [][]string json:wqx_exampleEntry string json:entryType string json:typeRelated []interface{} json:relatedSource string json:source} json:dictionary
}func query(word string) {client : http.Client{}// 初始化 request 结构变量request : DictRequest{TransType: en2zh, Source: word}buf, err : json.Marshal(request)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 转化为 datavar data bytes.NewReader(buf)// 创建请求POST请求头data流req, err : http.NewRequest(POST, https://api.interpreter.caiyunai.com/v1/dict, data)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 设置请求头req.Header.Set(accept, application/json, text/plain, */*)req.Header.Set(accept-language, zh)req.Header.Set(app-name, xiaoyi)req.Header.Set(authorization, Bearer)req.Header.Set(content-type, application/json;charsetUTF-8)req.Header.Set(device-id, d7a3b39cabbf9091dd99920e3812ff88)req.Header.Set(origin, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com)req.Header.Set(os-type, web)req.Header.Set(os-version, )req.Header.Set(priority, u1, i)req.Header.Set(referer, https://fanyi.caiyunapp.com/)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua, Chromium;v130, Google Chrome;v130, Not?A_Brand;v99)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-mobile, ?0)req.Header.Set(sec-ch-ua-platform, Windows)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-dest, empty)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-mode, cors)req.Header.Set(sec-fetch-site, cross-site)req.Header.Set(sec-gpc, 1)req.Header.Set(user-agent, Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/130.0.0.0 Safari/537.36)req.Header.Set(x-authorization, token:qgemv4jr1y38jyq6vhvi)// 发起请求返回resp和errresp, err : client.Do(req)// 如果产生err会直接退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 收到相应后立马关闭defer resp.Body.Close()// 读取响应bodyText, err : io.ReadAll(resp.Body)// 响应err也会退出进程if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// 防御性编程有可能是404等出错码if resp.StatusCode ! 200 {log.Fatal(bad StatusCode:, resp.StatusCode, string(bodyText))}// fmt.Printf(%s\n, bodyText)var dictResponse DictResponseerr json.Unmarshal(bodyText, dictResponse)if err ! nil {log.Fatal(err)}// fmt.Printf(%#v\n, dictResponse)fmt.Println(word, UK:, dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.En, US:, dictResponse.Dictionary.Prons.EnUs)for _, item : range dictResponse.Dictionary.Explanations {fmt.Println(item)}
}// 主函数
func main() {// 输入参数1go run d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go 2单词 空格间隔// 输入样例go run d:\VSCode\Go\Code\Helloworld.go hello// 若样例不足两个返回错误退出进程if len(os.Args) ! 2 {fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, usage: simpleDict WORD
example: simpleDict hello)os.Exit(1)}word : os.Args[1]query(word)
}
3.3 SOCKS5 代理服务器
某些企业为了网络安全会拥有自己的代理服务器
原理 #mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx {font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .error-icon{fill:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .error-text{fill:#552222;stroke:#552222;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .edge-thickness-normal{stroke-width:2px;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .edge-thickness-thick{stroke-width:3.5px;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .edge-pattern-solid{stroke-dasharray:0;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .edge-pattern-dashed{stroke-dasharray:3;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .edge-pattern-dotted{stroke-dasharray:2;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .marker{fill:#333333;stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .marker.cross{stroke:#333333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx svg{font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;font-size:16px;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actor{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx text.actortspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actor-line{stroke:grey;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .messageLine0{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:none;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .messageLine1{stroke-width:1.5;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx #arrowhead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .sequenceNumber{fill:white;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx #sequencenumber{fill:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx #crosshead path{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .messageText{fill:#333;stroke:#333;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .labelBox{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .labelText,#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .labelTexttspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .loopText,#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .loopTexttspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .loopLine{stroke-width:2px;stroke-dasharray:2,2;stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .note{stroke:#aaaa33;fill:#fff5ad;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .noteText,#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .noteTexttspan{fill:black;stroke:none;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .activation0{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .activation1{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .activation2{fill:#f4f4f4;stroke:#666;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actorPopupMenu{position:absolute;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actorPopupMenuPanel{position:absolute;fill:#ECECFF;box-shadow:0px 8px 16px 0px rgba(0,0,0,0.2);filter:drop-shadow(3px 5px 2px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.4));}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actor-man line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx .actor-man circle,#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx line{stroke:hsl(259.6261682243, 59.7765363128%, 87.9019607843%);fill:#ECECFF;stroke-width:2px;}#mermaid-svg-rVVqzPKLZH9yjDzx :root{--mermaid-font-family:"trebuchet ms",verdana,arial,sans-serif;} Client Socks5 Server Host Socks Principle 1.协商阶段 1.1.通过协商 2.发送请求 2.1.建立TCP链接 2.2.返回响应 2.3.返回状态 3.发送数据 3.1.relay数据 3.2.响应结果 3.3.响应结果 Client Socks5 Server Host 3.3.1 TCP echo server
package mainimport (bufiolognet
)func main() {server, err : net.Listen(tcp, 127.0.0.1:1080)if err ! nil {panic(err)}for {client, err : server.Accept()if err ! nil {log.Printf(Accept failed %v, err)continue}// 启动一个子线程进行开销go process(client)}
}func process(conn net.Conn) {// 关闭链接生命周期相等defer conn.Close()// 创建带缓冲流reader : bufio.NewReader(conn)// for死循环for {b, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {break}// 写入一个字节_, err conn.Write([]byte{b})if err ! nil {break}}
}3.3.2 auth
package mainimport (bufiofmtiolognet
)const socks5Ver 0x05
const cmdBind 0x01
const atypeIPV4 0x01
const atypeHOST 0x03
const atypeIPV6 0x04func main() {server, err : net.Listen(tcp, 127.0.0.1:1080)if err ! nil {panic(err)}for {client, err : server.Accept()if err ! nil {log.Printf(Accept failed %v, err)continue}go process(client)}
}func process(conn net.Conn) {defer conn.Close()reader : bufio.NewReader(conn)err : auth(reader, conn)if err ! nil {log.Printf(client %v auth failed:%v, conn.RemoteAddr(), err)return}log.Println(auth success)
}func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {// ------------------------// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS |// ------------------------// | 1 | 1 | 1 to 255 |// ------------------------// VER: 协议版本socks5为0x05// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量// METHODS: 对应NMETHODSNMETHODS的值为多少METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义内容如下:// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORDver, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read ver failed:%w, err)}if ver ! socks5Ver {return fmt.Errorf(not supported ver:%v, ver)}methodSize, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read methodSize failed:%w, err)}method : make([]byte, methodSize)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, method)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read method failed:%w, err)}log.Println(ver, ver, method, method)// ------------// |VER | METHOD |// ------------// | 1 | 1 |// ------------_, err conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(write failed:%w, err)}return nil
}3.3.3 请求阶段
package mainimport (bufioencoding/binaryerrorsfmtiolognet
)const socks5Ver 0x05
const cmdBind 0x01
const atypeIPV4 0x01
const atypeHOST 0x03
const atypeIPV6 0x04func main() {server, err : net.Listen(tcp, 127.0.0.1:1080)if err ! nil {panic(err)}for {client, err : server.Accept()if err ! nil {log.Printf(Accept failed %v, err)continue}go process(client)}
}func process(conn net.Conn) {defer conn.Close()reader : bufio.NewReader(conn)err : auth(reader, conn)if err ! nil {log.Printf(client %v auth failed:%v, conn.RemoteAddr(), err)return}err connect(reader, conn)if err ! nil {log.Printf(client %v auth failed:%v, conn.RemoteAddr(), err)return}
}func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {// ------------------------// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS |// ------------------------// | 1 | 1 | 1 to 255 |// ------------------------// VER: 协议版本socks5为0x05// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量// METHODS: 对应NMETHODSNMETHODS的值为多少METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义内容如下:// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORDver, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read ver failed:%w, err)}if ver ! socks5Ver {return fmt.Errorf(not supported ver:%v, ver)}methodSize, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read methodSize failed:%w, err)}method : make([]byte, methodSize)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, method)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read method failed:%w, err)}// ------------// |VER | METHOD |// ------------// | 1 | 1 |// ------------_, err conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(write failed:%w, err)}return nil
}func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {// ------------------------------------------// |VER | CMD | RSV | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |// ------------------------------------------// | 1 | 1 | X00 | 1 | Variable | 2 |// ------------------------------------------// VER 版本号socks5的值为0x05// CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求// RSV 保留字段值为0x00// ATYP 目标地址类型DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。// 0x01表示IPv4地址DST.ADDR为4个字节// 0x03表示域名DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名// DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值// DST.PORT 目标端口固定2个字节buf : make([]byte, 4)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read header failed:%w, err)}ver, cmd, atyp : buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]if ver ! socks5Ver {return fmt.Errorf(not supported ver:%v, ver)}if cmd ! cmdBind {return fmt.Errorf(not supported cmd:%v, cmd)}addr : switch atyp {case atypeIPV4:_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read atyp failed:%w, err)}addr fmt.Sprintf(%d.%d.%d.%d, buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])case atypeHOST:hostSize, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read hostSize failed:%w, err)}host : make([]byte, hostSize)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, host)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read host failed:%w, err)}addr string(host)case atypeIPV6:return errors.New(IPv6: no supported yet)default:return errors.New(invalid atyp)}_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read port failed:%w, err)}port : binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])log.Println(dial, addr, port)// ------------------------------------------// |VER | REP | RSV | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |// ------------------------------------------// | 1 | 1 | X00 | 1 | Variable | 2 |// ------------------------------------------// VER socks版本这里为0x05// REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded// RSV 保留字段// ATYPE 地址类型// BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址// BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT_, err conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(write failed: %w, err)}return nil
}3.3.4 relay 阶段
package mainimport (bufiocontextencoding/binaryerrorsfmtiolognet
)const socks5Ver 0x05
const cmdBind 0x01
const atypeIPV4 0x01
const atypeHOST 0x03
const atypeIPV6 0x04func main() {server, err : net.Listen(tcp, 127.0.0.1:1080)if err ! nil {panic(err)}for {client, err : server.Accept()if err ! nil {log.Printf(Accept failed %v, err)continue}go process(client)}
}func process(conn net.Conn) {defer conn.Close()reader : bufio.NewReader(conn)err : auth(reader, conn)if err ! nil {log.Printf(client %v auth failed:%v, conn.RemoteAddr(), err)return}err connect(reader, conn)if err ! nil {log.Printf(client %v auth failed:%v, conn.RemoteAddr(), err)return}
}func auth(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {// ------------------------// |VER | NMETHODS | METHODS |// ------------------------// | 1 | 1 | 1 to 255 |// ------------------------// VER: 协议版本socks5为0x05// NMETHODS: 支持认证的方法数量// METHODS: 对应NMETHODSNMETHODS的值为多少METHODS就有多少个字节。RFC预定义了一些值的含义内容如下:// X’00’ NO AUTHENTICATION REQUIRED// X’02’ USERNAME/PASSWORDver, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read ver failed:%w, err)}if ver ! socks5Ver {return fmt.Errorf(not supported ver:%v, ver)}methodSize, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read methodSize failed:%w, err)}method : make([]byte, methodSize)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, method)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read method failed:%w, err)}// ------------// |VER | METHOD |// ------------// | 1 | 1 |// ------------_, err conn.Write([]byte{socks5Ver, 0x00})if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(write failed:%w, err)}return nil
}func connect(reader *bufio.Reader, conn net.Conn) (err error) {// ------------------------------------------// |VER | CMD | RSV | ATYP | DST.ADDR | DST.PORT |// ------------------------------------------// | 1 | 1 | X00 | 1 | Variable | 2 |// ------------------------------------------// VER 版本号socks5的值为0x05// CMD 0x01表示CONNECT请求// RSV 保留字段值为0x00// ATYP 目标地址类型DST.ADDR的数据对应这个字段的类型。// 0x01表示IPv4地址DST.ADDR为4个字节// 0x03表示域名DST.ADDR是一个可变长度的域名// DST.ADDR 一个可变长度的值// DST.PORT 目标端口固定2个字节buf : make([]byte, 4)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read header failed:%w, err)}ver, cmd, atyp : buf[0], buf[1], buf[3]if ver ! socks5Ver {return fmt.Errorf(not supported ver:%v, ver)}if cmd ! cmdBind {return fmt.Errorf(not supported cmd:%v, cmd)}addr : switch atyp {case atypeIPV4:_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read atyp failed:%w, err)}addr fmt.Sprintf(%d.%d.%d.%d, buf[0], buf[1], buf[2], buf[3])case atypeHOST:hostSize, err : reader.ReadByte()if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read hostSize failed:%w, err)}host : make([]byte, hostSize)_, err io.ReadFull(reader, host)if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read host failed:%w, err)}addr string(host)case atypeIPV6:return errors.New(IPv6: no supported yet)default:return errors.New(invalid atyp)}_, err io.ReadFull(reader, buf[:2])if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(read port failed:%w, err)}port : binary.BigEndian.Uint16(buf[:2])dest, err : net.Dial(tcp, fmt.Sprintf(%v:%v, addr, port))if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(dial dst failed:%w, err)}defer dest.Close()log.Println(dial, addr, port)// ------------------------------------------// |VER | REP | RSV | ATYP | BND.ADDR | BND.PORT |// ------------------------------------------// | 1 | 1 | X00 | 1 | Variable | 2 |// ------------------------------------------// VER socks版本这里为0x05// REP Relay field,内容取值如下 X’00’ succeeded// RSV 保留字段// ATYPE 地址类型// BND.ADDR 服务绑定的地址// BND.PORT 服务绑定的端口DST.PORT_, err conn.Write([]byte{0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})if err ! nil {return fmt.Errorf(write failed: %w, err)}ctx, cancel : context.WithCancel(context.Background())defer cancel()go func() {_, _ io.Copy(dest, reader)cancel()}()go func() {_, _ io.Copy(conn, dest)cancel()}()-ctx.Done()return nil
}
