城建道桥建设集团网站,国外做名片的网站,全屏wordpress主题,海淘手表网站三十一、猜数字 原文#xff1a;http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project31.html 猜数字是初学者练习基本编程技术的经典游戏。在这个游戏中#xff0c;电脑会想到一个介于 1 到 100 之间的随机数。玩家有 10 次机会猜出数字。每次猜中后#xff0c;电脑会告诉玩…三十一、猜数字 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project31.html 猜数字是初学者练习基本编程技术的经典游戏。在这个游戏中电脑会想到一个介于 1 到 100 之间的随机数。玩家有 10 次机会猜出数字。每次猜中后电脑会告诉玩家它是太高还是太低。
运行示例
当您运行guess.py时输出将如下所示
Guess the Number, by Al Sweigart emailprotectedI am thinking of a number between 1 and 100.
You have 10 guesses left. Take a guess.50
Your guess is too high.
You have 9 guesses left. Take a guess.25
Your guess is too low.
--snip--
You have 5 guesses left. Take a guess.42
Yay! You guessed my number!工作原理
猜数字使用了几个基本的编程概念循环、if-else语句、函数、方法调用和随机数。Python 的random模块生成伪随机数——看似随机但技术上可预测的数字。对于计算机来说伪随机数比真正的随机数更容易生成对于视频游戏和一些科学模拟等应用来说伪随机数被认为是“足够随机”的。
Python 的random模块从一个种子值产生伪随机数从同一个种子产生的每个伪随机数流都将是相同的。例如在交互式 shell 中输入以下内容 import randomrandom.seed(42)random.randint(1, 10); random.randint(1, 10); random.randint(1, 10)
2
1
5如果您重新启动交互式 shell 并再次运行这段代码它会产生相同的伪随机数2、1、5。视频游戏《我的世界》也叫《挖矿争霸》从起始种子值生成其伪随机虚拟世界这就是为什么不同的玩家可以通过使用相同的种子来重新创建相同的世界。
Guess the Number, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Try to guess the secret number based on hints.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, beginner, gameimport randomdef askForGuess():while True:guess input( ) # Enter the guess.if guess.isdecimal():return int(guess) # Convert string guess to an integer.print(Please enter a number between 1 and 100.)print(Guess the Number, by Al Sweigart emailprotected)
print()
secretNumber random.randint(1, 100) # Select a random number.
print(I am thinking of a number between 1 and 100.)for i in range(10): # Give the player 10 guesses.print(You have {} guesses left. Take a guess..format(10 - i))guess askForGuess()if guess secretNumber:break # Break out of the for loop if the guess is correct.# Offer a hint:if guess secretNumber:print(Your guess is too low.)if guess secretNumber:print(Your guess is too high.)# Reveal the results:
if guess secretNumber:print(Yay! You guessed my number!)
else:print(Game over. The number I was thinking of was, secretNumber) 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
创建一个“猜字母”变体根据玩家猜测的字母顺序给出提示。根据玩家之前的猜测在每次猜测后提示说“更热”或“更冷”。
探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果把第 11 行的input( )改成input(secretNumber)会怎么样如果将第 14 行的return int(guess)改为return guess会得到什么错误信息如果把第 20 行的random.randint(1, 100)改成random.randint(1, 1)会怎么样如果把第 24 行的format(10 - i)改成format(i)会怎么样如果将第 37 行的guess secretNumber改为guess secretNumber会得到什么错误信息
三十二、容易受骗的人 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project32.html 在这个简短的节目中你可以学到让一个容易受骗的人忙碌几个小时的秘密和微妙的艺术。我不会破坏这里的妙语。复制代码并自己运行。这个项目对初学者来说很棒不管你是聪明的还是。。。不太聪明。
运行示例
当您运行gullible.py时输出将如下所示
Gullible, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Ny
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Ny
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Nyes
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/NYES
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/NTELL ME HOW TO KEEP A GULLIBLE PERSON BUSY FOR HOURS
TELL ME HOW TO KEEP A GULLIBLE PERSON BUSY FOR HOURS is not a valid yes/no response.
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Ny
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Ny
Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/Nn
Thank you. Have a nice day!工作原理
为了更加用户友好你的程序应该尝试解释用户可能的输入。例如这个程序问用户一个是/否的问题但是对于玩家来说简单地输入y或n而不是输入完整的单词会更简单。如果玩家的CapsLock键被激活程序也可以理解玩家的意图因为它会在玩家输入的字符串上调用lower()字符串方法。这样y、yes、Y、Yes、YES都被程序解释的一样。玩家的负面反应也是如此。
Gullible, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
How to keep a gullible person busy for hours. (This is a joke program.)
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, beginner, humorprint(Gullible, by Al Sweigart emailprotected)while True: # Main program loop.print(Do you want to know how to keep a gullible person busy for hours? Y/N)response input( ) # Get the users response.if response.lower() no or response.lower() n:break # If no, break out of this loop.if response.lower() yes or response.lower() y:continue # If yes, continue to the start of this loop.print({} is not a valid yes/no response..format(response))print(Thank you. Have a nice day!) 探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果把第 11 行的response.lower() no改成response.lower() ! no会怎么样如果把第 8 行的while True:改成while False:会怎么样
三十三、黑客小游戏 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project33.html 在这个游戏中玩家必须通过猜测一个七个字母的单词作为秘密密码来入侵电脑。电脑的记忆库显示可能的单词并提示玩家每次猜测的接近程度。例如如果密码是MONITOR但玩家猜了CONTAIN他们会得到提示七个字母中有两个是正确的因为MONITOR和CONTAIN的第二个和第三个字母都是字母O和N。这个游戏类似于项目 1“百吉饼”以及辐射系列视频游戏中的黑客迷你游戏。
运行示例
当您运行hacking.py时输出将如下所示
Hacking Minigame, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Find the password in the computers memory:
0x1150 $],|~~RESOLVE^ 0x1250 {)!?CHICKEN,%
0x1160 }%_-:;/$^(||!( 0x1260 .][})?##ADDRESS
0x1170 _;)][#?~$~}} 0x1270 ,#){-;/DESPITE
0x1180 %[!]{emailprotected?~, 0x1280 }/.}!-DISPLAY%%/
0x1190 _[^%[}^_{emailprotected$~ 0x1290 ,:*%emailprotected{%#.
0x11a0 )?~/)PENALTY?- 0x12a0 [,?*#emailprotected$/
--snip--
Enter password: (4 tries remaining)resolve
Access Denied (2/7 correct)
Enter password: (3 tries remaining)improve
A C C E S S G R A N T E D工作原理
这个游戏有一个黑客主题但不涉及任何实际的电脑黑客行为。如果我们只是在屏幕上列出可能的单词游戏就会完全一样。然而模仿计算机记忆库的装饰性添加传达了一种令人兴奋的计算机黑客的感觉。对细节和用户体验的关注将一个平淡、无聊的游戏变成了一个令人兴奋的游戏。
Hacking Minigame, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
The hacking mini-game from Fallout 3. Find out which seven-letter
word is the password by using clues each guess gives you.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: large, artistic, game, puzzle# NOTE: This program requires the sevenletterwords.txt file. You can
# download it from https://inventwithpython.com/sevenletterwords.txtimport random, sys# Set up the constants:
# The garbage filler characters for the computer memory display.
GARBAGE_CHARS emailprotected#$%^*()_-{}[]|;:,.?/# Load the WORDS list from a text file that has 7-letter words.
with open(sevenletterwords.txt) as wordListFile:WORDS wordListFile.readlines()
for i in range(len(WORDS)):# Convert each word to uppercase and remove the trailing newline:WORDS[i] WORDS[i].strip().upper()def main():Run a single game of Hacking.print(Hacking Minigame, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Find the password in the computers memory. You are given clues after
each guess. For example, if the secret password is MONITOR but the
player guessed CONTAIN, they are given the hint that 2 out of 7 letters
were correct, because both MONITOR and CONTAIN have the letter O and N
as their 2nd and 3rd letter. You get four guesses.\n)input(Press Enter to begin...)gameWords getWords()# The computer memory is just cosmetic, but it looks cool:computerMemory getComputerMemoryString(gameWords)secretPassword random.choice(gameWords)print(computerMemory)# Start at 4 tries remaining, going down:for triesRemaining in range(4, 0, -1):playerMove askForPlayerGuess(gameWords, triesRemaining)if playerMove secretPassword:print(A C C E S S G R A N T E D)returnelse:numMatches numMatchingLetters(secretPassword, playerMove)print(Access Denied ({}/7 correct).format(numMatches))print(Out of tries. Secret password was {}..format(secretPassword))def getWords():Return a list of 12 words that could possibly be the password.The secret password will be the first word in the list.To make the game fair, we try to ensure that there are words witha range of matching numbers of letters as the secret word.secretPassword random.choice(WORDS)words [secretPassword]# Find two more words; these have zero matching letters.# We use 3 because the secret password is already in words.while len(words) 3:randomWord getOneWordExcept(words)if numMatchingLetters(secretPassword, randomWord) 0:words.append(randomWord)# Find two words that have 3 matching letters (but give up at 500# tries if not enough can be found).for i in range(500):if len(words) 5:break # Found 5 words, so break out of the loop.randomWord getOneWordExcept(words)if numMatchingLetters(secretPassword, randomWord) 3:words.append(randomWord)# Find at least seven words that have at least one matching letter# (but give up at 500 tries if not enough can be found).for i in range(500):if len(words) 12:break # Found 7 or more words, so break out of the loop.randomWord getOneWordExcept(words)if numMatchingLetters(secretPassword, randomWord) ! 0:words.append(randomWord)# Add any random words needed to get 12 words total.while len(words) 12:randomWord getOneWordExcept(words)words.append(randomWord)assert len(words) 12return wordsdef getOneWordExcept(blocklistNone):Returns a random word from WORDS that isnt in blocklist.if blocklist None:blocklist []while True:randomWord random.choice(WORDS)if randomWord not in blocklist:return randomWorddef numMatchingLetters(word1, word2):Returns the number of matching letters in these two words.matches 0for i in range(len(word1)):if word1[i] word2[i]:matches 1return matchesdef getComputerMemoryString(words):Return a string representing the computer memory.# Pick one line per word to contain a word. There are 16 lines, but# they are split into two halves.linesWithWords random.sample(range(16 * 2), len(words))# The starting memory address (this is also cosmetic).memoryAddress 16 * random.randint(0, 4000)# Create the computer memory string.computerMemory [] # Will contain 16 strings, one for each line.nextWord 0 # The index in words of the word to put into a line.for lineNum in range(16): # The computer memory has 16 lines.# Create a half line of garbage characters:leftHalf rightHalf for j in range(16): # Each half line has 16 characters.leftHalf random.choice(GARBAGE_CHARS)rightHalf random.choice(GARBAGE_CHARS)# Fill in the password from words:if lineNum in linesWithWords:# Find a random place in the half line to insert the word:insertionIndex random.randint(0, 9)# Insert the word:leftHalf (leftHalf[:insertionIndex] words[nextWord] leftHalf[insertionIndex 7:])nextWord 1 # Update the word to put in the half line.if lineNum 16 in linesWithWords:# Find a random place in the half line to insert the word:insertionIndex random.randint(0, 9)# Insert the word:rightHalf (rightHalf[:insertionIndex] words[nextWord] rightHalf[insertionIndex 7:])nextWord 1 # Update the word to put in the half line.computerMemory.append(0x hex(memoryAddress)[2:].zfill(4) leftHalf 0x hex(memoryAddress (16*16))[2:].zfill(4) rightHalf)memoryAddress 16 # Jump from, say, 0xe680 to 0xe690.# Each string in the computerMemory list is joined into one large# string to return:return \n.join(computerMemory)def askForPlayerGuess(words, tries):Let the player enter a password guess.while True:print(Enter password: ({} tries remaining).format(tries))guess input( ).upper()if guess in words:return guessprint(That is not one of the possible passwords listed above.)print(Try entering {} or {}..format(words[0], words[1]))# If this program was run (instead of imported), run the game:
if __name__ __main__:try:main()except KeyboardInterrupt:sys.exit() # When Ctrl-C is pressed, end the program. 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
在互联网上找到一个单词列表创建你自己的文件sevenletterwords.txt也许是一个由六个或八个字母组成的文件。创建一个不同的“计算机内存”的可视化
探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果把 133 行的for j in range(16):改成for j in range(0):会怎么样如果把第 14 行的GARBAGE_CHARS emailprotected#$%^*()_-{}[]|;:,.?/改成GARBAGE_CHARS .会怎么样如果把第 34 行的gameWords getWords()改成gameWords [MALKOVICH] * 20会怎么样如果将第 94 行的return words改为return会得到什么错误信息如果把 103 行的randomWord random.choice(WORDS)改成secretPassword PASSWORD会怎么样
三十四、刽子手和断头台 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project34.html 这个经典的文字游戏让玩家猜一个秘密单词的字母。对于每一个不正确的字母刽子手的另一部分被画出来。在刽子手完成之前试着猜出完整的单词。这个版本的密语都是兔子鸽子之类的动物但是你可以用自己的一套话来代替这些。
HANGMAN_PICS变量包含刽子手绞索每一步的 ASCII 艺术画字符串 -- -- -- -- -- -- --| | | | | | | | | | | | | || O | O | O | O | O | O || | | | /| | /|\ | /|\ | /|\ || | | | | / | / \ || | | | | | |对于游戏中的法式转折您可以用以下描述断头台的字符串替换HANGMAN_PICS变量中的字符串
| | | || || || || ||
| | | | | | | | | || /| || /|
| | | | | | | | | ||/ | ||/ |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |/-\| |/-\| |/-\|
| | | | | |\ /| |\ /| |\ /| |\O/|
| || || || || || ||运行示例
当您运行hangman.py时输出将如下所示
Hangman, by Al Sweigart emailprotected--| |||||The category is: AnimalsMissed letters: No missed letters yet._ _ _ _ _
Guess a letter.e
--snip----| |O |
/| |||The category is: AnimalsMissed letters: A I S
O T T E _
Guess a letter.r
Yes! The secret word is: OTTER
You have won!工作原理
刽子手和断头台共享相同的游戏机制但有不同的表现形式。这使得用 ASCII 艺术画的断头台图形替换 ASCII 艺术画的绞索图形变得容易而不必改变程序遵循的主要逻辑。程序的表示和逻辑部分的分离使得用新的特性或不同的设计进行更新变得更加容易。在专业软件开发中这种策略是软件设计模式或软件架构的一个例子它关注于如何构建你的程序以便于理解和修改。这主要在大型软件应用中有用但是您也可以将这些原则应用到较小的项目中。
Hangman, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Guess the letters to a secret word before the hangman is drawn.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: large, game, word, puzzle# A version of this game is featured in the book Invent Your Own
# Computer Games with Python https://nostarch.com/inventwithpythonimport random, sys# Set up the constants:
# (!) Try adding or changing the strings in HANGMAN_PICS to make a
# guillotine instead of a gallows.
HANGMAN_PICS [r
--
| |||||
,
r
--
| |
O ||||
,
r
--
| |
O |
| |||
,
r
--
| |
O |
/| |||
,
r
--
| |
O |
/|\ |||
,
r
--
| |
O |
/|\ |
/ ||
,
r
--
| |
O |
/|\ |
/ \ ||
]# (!) Try replacing CATEGORY and WORDS with new strings.
CATEGORY Animals
WORDS ANT BABOON BADGER BAT BEAR BEAVER CAMEL CAT CLAM COBRA COUGAR COYOTE CROW DEER DOG DONKEY DUCK EAGLE FERRET FOX FROG GOAT GOOSE HAWK LION LIZARD LLAMA MOLE MONKEY MOOSE MOUSE MULE NEWT OTTER OWL PANDA PARROT PIGEON PYTHON RABBIT RAM RAT RAVEN RHINO SALMON SEAL SHARK SHEEP SKUNK SLOTH SNAKE SPIDER STORK SWAN TIGER TOAD TROUT TURKEY TURTLE WEASEL WHALE WOLF WOMBAT ZEBRA.split()def main():print(Hangman, by Al Sweigart emailprotected)# Setup variables for a new game:missedLetters [] # List of incorrect letter guesses.correctLetters [] # List of correct letter guesses.secretWord random.choice(WORDS) # The word the player must guess.while True: # Main game loop.drawHangman(missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord)# Let the player enter their letter guess:guess getPlayerGuess(missedLetters correctLetters)if guess in secretWord:# Add the correct guess to correctLetters:correctLetters.append(guess)# Check if the player has won:foundAllLetters True # Start off assuming theyve won.for secretWordLetter in secretWord:if secretWordLetter not in correctLetters:# Theres a letter in the secret word that isnt# yet in correctLetters, so the player hasnt won:foundAllLetters Falsebreakif foundAllLetters:print(Yes! The secret word is:, secretWord)print(You have won!)break # Break out of the main game loop.else:# The player has guessed incorrectly:missedLetters.append(guess)# Check if player has guessed too many times and lost. (The# - 1 is because we dont count the empty gallows in# HANGMAN_PICS.)if len(missedLetters) len(HANGMAN_PICS) - 1:drawHangman(missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord)print(You have run out of guesses!)print(The word was {}.format(secretWord))breakdef drawHangman(missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord):Draw the current state of the hangman, along with the missed andcorrectly-guessed letters of the secret word.print(HANGMAN_PICS[len(missedLetters)])print(The category is:, CATEGORY)print()# Show the incorrectly guessed letters:print(Missed letters: , end)for letter in missedLetters:print(letter, end )if len(missedLetters) 0:print(No missed letters yet.)print()# Display the blanks for the secret word (one blank per letter):blanks [_] * len(secretWord)# Replace blanks with correctly guessed letters:for i in range(len(secretWord)):if secretWord[i] in correctLetters:blanks[i] secretWord[i]# Show the secret word with spaces in between each letter:print( .join(blanks))def getPlayerGuess(alreadyGuessed):Returns the letter the player entered. This function makes surethe player entered a single letter they havent guessed before.while True: # Keep asking until the player enters a valid letter.print(Guess a letter.)guess input( ).upper()if len(guess) ! 1:print(Please enter a single letter.)elif guess in alreadyGuessed:print(You have already guessed that letter. Choose again.)elif not guess.isalpha():print(Please enter a LETTER.)else:return guess# If this program was run (instead of imported), run the game:
if __name__ __main__:try:main()except KeyboardInterrupt:sys.exit() # When Ctrl-C is pressed, end the program. 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。标有(!)的注释对你可以做的小改变有建议。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
添加一个“类别选择”功能让玩家选择他们想玩的词的类别。增加一个选择功能这样玩家可以在游戏的刽子手和断头台版本之间进行选择。
探索程序
试着找出下列问题的答案。尝试对代码进行一些修改然后重新运行程序看看这些修改有什么影响。
如果删除或注释掉第 108 行的missedLetters.append(guess)会发生什么如果把第 85 行的drawHangman(missedLetters, correctLetters, secretWord)改成drawHangman(correctLetters, missedLetters, secretWord)会怎么样如果把 136 行的[_]改成[*]会怎么样如果把 144 行的print( .join(blanks))改成print(secretWord)会怎么样
三十五、六边形网格 原文http://inventwithpython.com/bigbookpython/project35.html 这个简短的程序产生一个类似于铁丝网的六角形网格的镶嵌图像。这说明你不需要很多代码就能做出有趣的东西。这个项目的一个稍微复杂一点的变体是项目 65“闪光地毯”
注意这个程序使用原始字符串它在开始的引号前面加上小写的r这样字符串中的反斜杠就不会被解释为转义字符。
运行示例
图 35-1 显示了运行hexgrid.py时的输出。 :显示六边形网格镶嵌图像的输出
工作原理
编程背后的力量在于它能让计算机快速无误地执行重复的指令。这就是十几行代码如何在屏幕上创建数百、数千或数百万个六边形。
在命令提示符或终端窗口中您可以将程序的输出从屏幕重定向到文本文件。在 Windows 上运行py hexgrid.py hextiles.txt创建一个包含六边形的文本文件。在 Linux 和 macOS 上运行python3 hexgrid.py hextiles.txt。没有屏幕大小的限制您可以增加X_REPEAT和Y_REPEAT常量并将内容保存到文件中。从那里很容易将文件打印在纸上用电子邮件发送或发布到社交媒体上。这适用于你创作的任何计算机生成的作品。
Hex Grid, by Al Sweigart emailprotected
Displays a simple tessellation of a hexagon grid.
This code is available at https://nostarch.com/big-book-small-python-programming
Tags: tiny, beginner, artistic# Set up the constants:
# (!) Try changing these values to other numbers:
X_REPEAT 19 # How many times to tessellate horizontally.
Y_REPEAT 12 # How many times to tessellate vertically.for y in range(Y_REPEAT):# Display the top half of the hexagon:for x in range(X_REPEAT):print(r/ \_, end)print()# Display the bottom half of the hexagon:for x in range(X_REPEAT):print(r\_/ , end)print() 在输入源代码并运行几次之后尝试对其进行实验性的修改。标有(!)的注释对你可以做的小改变有建议。你也可以自己想办法做到以下几点
创建更大尺寸的平铺六边形。创建平铺的矩形砖块而不是六边形。
为了练习请尝试使用更大的六边形网格重新创建此程序如下图所示 / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \
\ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ /\___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___// \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \
/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \___/ \/ \ / \ / \ / \/ \ / \ / \ / \
/ \_____/ \_____/ \_____/ \_____
\ / \ / \ / \ /\ / \ / \ / \ /\_____/ \_____/ \_____/ \_____// \ / \ / \ / \/ \ / \ / \ / \
/ \_____/ \_____/ \_____/ \_____ 探索程序
这是一个基础程序所以没有太多的选项来定制它。取而代之的是考虑你如何能类似地编程其他形状的模式。
