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一、Linux 开机自动启动服务
linux开机服务原理#xff1a;
①linux系统启动首先加载kernel
②初始操作系统
③login验证程序等待用户登陆
初始化操作系统
kernel加载/sbin/init创建用户空间的第一个程序
该程序完成操作系统的初…Linux 服务脚本
一、Linux 开机自动启动服务
linux开机服务原理
①linux系统启动首先加载kernel
②初始操作系统
③login验证程序等待用户登陆
初始化操作系统
kernel加载/sbin/init创建用户空间的第一个程序
该程序完成操作系统的初始化
/etc/inittab文件是/sbin/init程序读取的配置文件
# inittab is no longer used when using systemd.
#
# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.
#
# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by /usr/lib/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.target
#
# systemd uses targets instead of runlevels. By default, there are two main targets:
#
# multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3
# graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5
#
# To view current default target, run:
# systemctl get-default
#
# To set a default target, run:
# systemctl set-default TARGET.target
# 0-6,6个级别,每种级别之间的差异其实就是启动脚本的种类数量不同而已
级别含义0halt(Do NOT set initdefault to this)1Single user mode2Multiuserwithout NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)3Full multiuser mode4unused5X116reboot(Do NOT set initdefault to this)
每个级别对应在/etc/rc.d下都有自己的目录
[rootlocalhost ~]# ls -l /etc/rc.d
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 70 May 15 23:05 init.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc0.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc1.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc2.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc3.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc4.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc5.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 45 Nov 16 2020 rc6.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 473 Dec 7 2023 rc.local /etc/rc.d目录
init.d目录是所有的原始服务脚本
rc*.d目录中是对init.d目录中脚本的软连接
[rootlocalhost ~]# ls -l /etc/rc.d/rc3.d
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 Apr 17 04:27 K50netconsole - ../init.d/netconsole
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Apr 17 04:27 S10network - ../init.d/network二、Linux 服务管理操作
不同级别中服务脚本的管理命令
chkconfig
chkconfig-updates and queries runlevelinformation for system services
服务进程的管理命令
service
service -run a System V init scrip
chkconfig [--list] [--type type][name]
显示系统服务,以及各个级别开关状态
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --listNote: This output shows SysV services only and does not include nativesystemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by nativesystemd configuration.If you want to list systemd services use systemctl list-unit-files.To see services enabled on particular target usesystemctl list-dependencies [target].netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off chkconfig --del name
去除系统启动管理服务中的服务
# 删除服务
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --del network# 已经被删除
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --list networkNote: This output shows SysV services only and does not include nativesystemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by nativesystemd configuration.If you want to list systemd services use systemctl list-unit-files.To see services enabled on particular target usesystemctl list-dependencies [target].service network supports chkconfig, but is not referenced in any runlevel (run chkconfig --add network) chkconfig --add name
添加系统服务,且服务脚本要在/etc/rc.d/init.d目录下
# 添加服务
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --add network# 查看是否添加
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --list networkNote: This output shows SysV services only and does not include nativesystemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by nativesystemd configuration.If you want to list systemd services use systemctl list-unit-files.To see services enabled on particular target usesystemctl list-dependencies [target].network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off chkconfig [--level levels] [--type type] name on|off|reset|resetpriorities
调整系统启动管理服务中的服务级别
# 将network在启动级别为1设置不启动
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --level 1 network on# 查看是否关闭
[rootlocalhost ~]# chkconfig --listNote: This output shows SysV services only and does not include nativesystemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by nativesystemd configuration.If you want to list systemd services use systemctl list-unit-files.To see services enabled on particular target usesystemctl list-dependencies [target].netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off
network 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off service SCRIPT COMMAND
SCRIPT系统服务脚本名称,在/etc/rc.d/init.d或软连接的目录/etc/init.d目录中
COMMAND:脚本不同,但是基本包含{start|stop|status|restart|reload}
service --status-all
service network restart
# 查看network服务状态
[rootlocalhost ~]# service network status
Configured devices:
lo ens33
Currently active devices:
lo ens33 Linux系统服务脚本
vi /etc/init.d/network
脚本中必须包含以下两行
# chkconfig: 2345 10 90
被注释的,表示调用chkconfig操作add时默认的各级别开启
10:表示启动级别:先启动后关闭,最大值99
90:表示停止级别:先启动后关闭,最大值99
# description: Activates/Deactivates all network interfaces configured to \
# start at boot time.
#! /bin/bash
#
# network Bring up/down networking
#
# chkconfig: 2345 10 90
# description: Activates/Deactivates all network interfaces configured to \
# start at boot time.
#
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: $network
# Should-Start: iptables ip6tables NetworkManager-wait-online NetworkManager $network-pre
# Short-Description: Bring up/down networking
# Description: Bring up/down networking
### END INIT INFO# Source function library.
. /etc/init.d/functions
…… 可以看到相应级别目录中的脚本名称前面包含K或S和一个数值
K关闭服务后面的数值是关闭优先级
S启动服务后面的数值是启动优先级
[rootlocalhost ~]# ls -l /etc/rc.d/rc3.d/
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 20 Apr 17 04:27 K50netconsole - ../init.d/netconsole
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 17 Oct 16 08:26 S10network - ../init.d/network三、tomcat服务脚本
安装java
# 下载java1.8
[rootlocalhost ~]# yum -y install java-1.8.0*# 验证是否安装成功
[rootlocalhost ~]# java -version
openjdk version 1.8.0_412
OpenJDK Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_412-b08)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.412-b08, mixed mode) bash以交互方式启动时会加载/etc/profile文件,所以在这里定义的环境变量能被用户交互时用到,用户交互启动程序所依赖•
但是系统服务脚本优先在用户登陆前启动,且不会读取/etc/profile
# 下载tomcat9.0
[rootlocalhost ~]# wget https://dlcdn.apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.96/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.96.tar.gz# 解压文件
[rootlocalhost ~]# tar -xzvf apache-tomcat-9.0.96.tar.gz # 进入tomcat/bin
[rootlocalhost ~]# cd apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin# 启动服务
[rootlocalhost bin]# ./startup.sh
Using CATALINA_BASE: /root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96
Using CATALINA_HOME: /root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96
Using CATALINA_TMPDIR: /root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/temp
Using JRE_HOME: /usr
Using CLASSPATH: /root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin/bootstrap.jar:/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin/tomcat-juli.jar
Using CATALINA_OPTS:
Tomcat started.# 查看运行进程
[rootlocalhost bin]# ps -ef | grep java
root 1648 1 25 11:07 pts/0 00:00:03 /usr/bin/java -Djava.util.logging.config.file/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/conf/logging.properties -Djava.util.logging.managerorg.apache.juli.ClassLoaderLogManager -Djdk.tls.ephemeralDHKeySize2048 -Djava.protocol.handler.pkgsorg.apache.catalina.webresources -Dorg.apache.catalina.security.SecurityListener.UMASK0027 -Dignore.endorsed.dirs -classpath /root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin/bootstrap.jar:/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin/tomcat-juli.jar -Dcatalina.base/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96 -Dcatalina.home/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96 -Djava.io.tmpdir/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/temp org.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap start
root 1676 1371 0 11:08 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --colorauto java# 关闭防火墙
[rootlocalhost bin]# systemctl stop firewalld
[rootlocalhost bin]# setenforce 0# 浏览器访问http://your_ip:8080# 停止服务
[rootlocalhost bin]# ./shutdown.sh 但是这种运行方式需要用户干预,我们更希望的是服务器启动后能将tomcat作为系统服务启动
我们自己实现一个tomcat的系统服务脚本
对于service调取脚本可以传递给脚本的参数应该包含
start
stop
restart
status
作为服务脚本必须实现的内容
# chkconfig: 123456 2079
# description: This is a Tomcat Server shell scripts
另外,系统还有一个通用的工具脚本,其中包含了一些方便我们服务脚本开发的函数
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
# 创建tomcat
[rootlocalhost bin]# touch /etc/init.d/tomcat# 添加执行权
[rootlocalhost bin]# chmod x /etc/init.d/tomcat[rootlocalhost bin]# vi /etc/init.d/tomcat
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 123456 2079
# description: This is a Tomcat Server shell scripts
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions etc/rc.d/init.d/functions脚本介绍
functions这个脚本是给/etc/init.d里边的文件使用的,提供了一些基础的功能
重要函数
checkpid:检查是否已存在pid如果有一个存在返回0通过查看/proc目录
daemon:启动某个服务。/etc/init.d目录部分脚本的start使用到这个
killproc:杀死某个进程。/etc/init.d目录部分脚本的stop使用到这个
status:返回一个服务的状态
我们可以在自己的脚本中通过source或.的方式导入
tomcat有自己的服务管理脚本
在系统服务脚本中判断服务进程状态
最直接的方式是用进程的PID
观察bin/startup.sh
发现最终调用catalina.sh脚本
并传参start
所以查找catalina.sh
查找到这行
elif [ $1 start ] ; then
向下寻找到分支结束前添加
echo CATALINA_PID:$!
# 打印pid
[rootlocalhost bin]# vi startup.sh
# 第519行添加
echo CATALINA_PID:$!# 返回编写tomcat
[rootlocalhost bin]# vi /etc/init.d/tomcat
#!/bin/bash
#
# chkconfig: 123456 2079
# description: This is a Tomcat Server shell scripts
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
tom_home/root/apache-tomcat-9.0.96/bin
# tomcat启动后将进程ID存在这个文件中
tom_lock_file/var/lock/subsys/tom.lock
tom_status(){if [ -f $tom_lock_file ]; thenlock_pidcat $tom_lock_fileif [ ! -z $lock_pid ];then# 调用函数来检测PID对应的进程是否存在if checkpid cat $tom_lock_file; thenecho tomcat is running( $lock_pid )... return 0elseecho tomcat ( $lock_pid )is not running but lock_fileexist return 1fififiecho tomcat is not running ...... return 2
}
tom_start(){if ! tom_status /dev/null ; then# 这里启动tomcat,并获取pid存到锁文件中$tom_home/startup.sh | grep CATALINA_PID: | sed s/CATALINA_PID:\(.*\)/\1/ $tom_lock_fileecho tomcat started ...fitom_status
}
tom_stop(){tom_status$tom_home/shutdown.sh /dev/nullecho tomcat stoped...echo $tom_lock_file
}
tom_restart()
{tom_stopsleep 1tom_start
}
case $1 instatus)tom_status;;start)tom_start;;stop)tom_stop;;restart)tom_restart;;*)echo $Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart};;
esac 设置开机自启动
[rootlocalhost bin]# chkconfig --level 3 tomcat on
