杭州网站制作哪家好,锦州建设工程信息网站,做网站公司选择哪家好,怎样用盒子做汽车视频网站文章目录 0. 介绍1. Hello, Ncurse2. 初始化函数2.1 raw() 和 cbreak()2.2 echo()和noecho()2.3 keypad()2.4 halfdelay()2.5 初始化样例 3. 命名规范4. 输出函数4.1 addch()类函数4.2 printw()类函数4.3 addstr()类函数4.4 注意4.5 输出函数例子 5. 输入函数5.1 getch()5.2 sc… 文章目录 0. 介绍1. Hello, Ncurse2. 初始化函数2.1 raw() 和 cbreak()2.2 echo()和noecho()2.3 keypad()2.4 halfdelay()2.5 初始化样例 3. 命名规范4. 输出函数4.1 addch()类函数4.2 printw()类函数4.3 addstr()类函数4.4 注意4.5 输出函数例子 5. 输入函数5.1 getch()5.2 scanw()5.3 getstr()5.4 输入例子 6. 属性6.1 属性使用例子6.2 属性值6.3 attrset() 与 attron()区别6.4 attrget()6.5 attr_系列函数6.6 chgat()函数 7. 窗口7.1 窗口相关函数7.2 使用样例17.3 使用样例2 8. 颜色8.1 代码示例8.2 颜色宏定义8.3 改变颜色定义8.4 颜色内容8.5 chgat()函数 9. 键盘交互9.1 基本用法9.2 使用范例 10. 与鼠标交互10.1 基本介绍10.2 监听鼠标事件10.3 使用实例 11. 屏幕操作11.1 getyx(win, y,x )11.2 scr_dump()11.3 窗口保存 12. 杂项12.1 cur_set()12.2 暂时离开curse模式12.3 ACS_标量 Ref 0. 介绍
linux下的图形库
1. Hello, Ncurse
在屏幕左上角打印Hello, World
#include ncurse.hint main()
{initscr(); // 初始化屏幕,默认stdscrprintw(Hello World);// 与printf相似但是打印到虚拟窗口stdscrrefresh();// 需要刷新才能显示到屏幕上getch(); // 等待用户输入endwin(); // 关闭窗口return 0;
}2. 初始化函数
2.1 raw() 和 cbreak()
都是关闭行缓冲两者的区别是raw不会产生信号(CTRLC CTRL )。
2.2 echo()和noecho()
输入的内容是否回显
2.3 keypad()
开启功能按键F1、F2、方向键等。 用法
keypad(stdscr, TRUE)2.4 halfdelay()
延迟等待多少秒若没反应则返回一个ERR。
2.5 初始化样例
#include ncurses.h
int main()
{ int ch;initscr();raw(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* 获取功能按钮 */noecho(); /* 不回显 */printw(Type any character to see it in bold\n);ch getch();if(ch KEY_F(1)) /* 按下F1键 */printw(F1 Key pressed);else{ printw(The pressed key is );attron(A_BOLD); // 加粗printw(%c, ch);attroff(A_BOLD);}refresh(); /*虚拟屏幕打印到实际屏幕 */getch(); endwin(); return 0;
}3. 命名规范
ncurse中w前缀的都是指定窗口带mv的都是移动到(x,y)进行操作。
比如
printw(string);// 在stdscr当前位置打印字符串mvprintw(y, x, string);/* 到y,x处打印字符串*/wprintw(win, string); /* 在窗口win上打印字符串*/mvwprintw(win, y, x, string); /* 移动到win窗口的(y,x)位置打印字符串*/4. 输出函数
4.1 addch()类函数
输出单个字符移动游标。 还有
mvaddch(row, col, c)
waddch(win, c)
mvwaddch(win, row, col, c)字符有颜色、加粗等属性。可以通过两种方式添加
字符或属性值 addch(ch | A_BOLD | A_UNDERLINE)属性设置函数 attron() attroff() attrset()后面介绍
4.2 printw()类函数
输出字符串与printf类似。
printw(str)
wprintw(win, str);
mvwprintw(y,x,win,str)
vwprintw() vprintf()4.3 addstr()类函数
给指定窗口输出字符串
addstr()
mvaddstr()
....4.4 注意
这些函数都是(y,x) 首先传入纵轴再是横轴。
4.5 输出函数例子
getmaxyx()是获取窗口大小的函数。
#include ncurses.h
#include string.h
int main()
{char mesg[]Just a string; int row,col;initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col); /* 获取屏幕的大小 */mvprintw(row/2,(col−strlen(mesg))/2,%s,mesg);/*在屏幕中央打印字符串 */mvprintw(row−2,0,This screen has %d rows and %d columns\n,row,col);printw(Try resizing your window(if possible) and then run this program again);refresh();getch();endwin();return 0;
}5. 输入函数
5.1 getch()
输入单个函数。cbreak()关闭行缓冲noecho()关闭回显。
5.2 scanw()
与sscanf类似通过wgetstr获取的行来进行扫描。
scanw()
wscanw()
mvwscanw()
vwscanw() vscanf()5.3 getstr()
获取一个字符串
5.4 输入例子
#include ncurses.h /* ncurses.h includes stdio.h */
#include string.h
int main()
{char mesg[]Enter a string: ; char str[80];int row,col; initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr,row,col);mvprintw(row/2,(col−strlen(mesg))/2,%s,mesg);getstr(str);// 获取字符串mvprintw(LINES − 2, 0, You Entered: %s, str);getch();endwin();return 0;
}6. 属性
6.1 属性使用例子
getyx()获取游标当前位置 move移动游标
读取.c文件加粗注释。
#include ncurses.h
#include stdlib.h
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ int ch, prev, row, col;prev EOF;FILE *fp;int y, x;if(argc ! 2){printf(Usage: %s a c file name\n, argv[0]);exit(1);}fp fopen(argv[1], r);if(fp NULL){perror(Cannot open input file);exit(1);}initscr(); getmaxyx(stdscr, row, col); while((ch fgetc(fp)) ! EOF) {getyx(stdscr, y, x); if(y (row − 1)) {printw(−Press Any Key−); getch();clear(); /*清屏*/move(0, 0); /*回到开头*/}if(prev / ch *) /*确定注释开始*/ {attron(A_BOLD); /* 加粗 */getyx(stdscr, y, x); /* 获取当前位置 */move(y, x − 1); /* 回退*/printw(%c%c, /, ch); /* 输出 */}elseprintw(%c, ch);refresh();if(prev * ch /)attroff(A_BOLD); /* 关闭加粗选项*/prev ch;}
endwin();fclose(fp);return 0;
}6.2 属性值
在头文件里面 使用 attron(A_REVERSE | A_BOLD)
#define WA_ATTRIBUTES A_ATTRIBUTES
#define WA_NORMAL A_NORMAL
#define WA_STANDOUT A_STANDOUT
#define WA_UNDERLINE A_UNDERLINE
#define WA_REVERSE A_REVERSE
#define WA_BLINK A_BLINK
#define WA_DIM A_DIM
#define WA_BOLD A_BOLD
#define WA_ALTCHARSET A_ALTCHARSET
#define WA_INVIS A_INVIS
#define WA_PROTECT A_PROTECT
#define WA_HORIZONTAL A_HORIZONTAL
#define WA_LEFT A_LEFT
#define WA_LOW A_LOW
#define WA_RIGHT A_RIGHT
#define WA_TOP A_TOP
#define WA_VERTICAL A_VERTICAL6.3 attrset() 与 attron()区别
attrset()删了重来 attron()只影响它自己指定的。
6.4 attrget()
获取属性
6.5 attr_系列函数
与前面函数一样只是需要传入attr_t类型参数。还有扩展的wattr系函数。
6.6 chgat()函数
在不移动游标的情况下设置一组字符的属性值。
chgat(−1, A_REVERSE, 0, NULL);
// 第一个参数几个字符
// 第二个参数属性值
// 第三个参数颜色值
// 第四个参数一直为NULL使用样例
#include ncurses.h
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ initscr(); start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);printw(A Big string which i didnt care to type fully );mvchgat(0, 0, −1, A_BLINK, 1, NULL); refresh();getch();endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}7. 窗口
ncurse中的一个重要概念之前的大多数操作大多是在stdscr上进行的。
7.1 窗口相关函数
newwin()
delwin()
box(win, ch1, ch2)
// ch1 ch2 分别是边界上水平和垂直的字符
border(ls, rs, ts, bs, tl, tr, bl, br)
mvvline(y,x,ch1, num)
// 生成竖线
mvhline(y,x,ch2, num)
// 生成横线
// l: left s: side7.2 使用样例1
#include ncurses.h
WINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx);
void destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ WINDOW *my_win;int startx, starty, width, height;int ch;initscr(); cbreak(); keypad(stdscr, TRUE); // 按F1需要height 3;width 10;starty (LINES − height) / 2; startx (COLS − width) / 2; printw(Press F1 to exit);refresh();my_win create_newwin(height, width, starty, startx);while((ch getch()) ! KEY_F(1)){ switch(ch){ case KEY_LEFT:destroy_win(my_win);my_win create_newwin(height, width, starty,−−startx);break;case KEY_RIGHT:destroy_win(my_win);my_win create_newwin(height, width, starty,startx);break;case KEY_UP:destroy_win(my_win);my_win create_newwin(height, width, −−starty,startx);break;case KEY_DOWN:destroy_win(my_win);my_win create_newwin(height, width, starty,startx);break; }}endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}
WINDOW *create_newwin(int height, int width, int starty, int startx)
{ WINDOW *local_win;local_win newwin(height, width, starty, startx);box(local_win, 0 , 0); wrefresh(local_win);return local_win;
}
void destroy_win(WINDOW *local_win)
{ wborder(local_win, , , , , , , , );wrefresh(local_win);delwin(local_win);
}7.3 使用样例2
#include ncurses.h
typedef struct _win_border_struct {chtype ls, rs, ts, bs, tl, tr, bl, br;
}WIN_BORDER;
typedef struct _WIN_struct {int startx, starty;int height, width;WIN_BORDER border;
}WIN;
void init_win_params(WIN *p_win);
void print_win_params(WIN *p_win);
void create_box(WIN *win, bool flag);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ WIN win;int ch;initscr(); /* Start curses mode */start_color(); /* Start the color functionality */cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled, Pass on* everty thing to me */keypad(stdscr, TRUE); /* I need that nifty F1 */noecho();init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);init_win_params(win);print_win_params(win);attron(COLOR_PAIR(1));printw(Press F1 to exit);refresh();attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1));create_box(win, TRUE);while((ch getch()) ! KEY_F(1)){ switch(ch){ case KEY_LEFT:create_box(win, FALSE);−−win.startx;create_box(win, TRUE);break;case KEY_RIGHT:create_box(win, FALSE);win.startx;create_box(win, TRUE);break;case KEY_UP:create_box(win, FALSE);−−win.starty;create_box(win, TRUE);break;case KEY_DOWN:create_box(win, FALSE);win.starty;create_box(win, TRUE);break; }}endwin(); return 0;
}
void init_win_params(WIN *p_win)
{p_win−height 3;p_win−width 10;p_win−starty (LINES − p_win−height)/2; p_win−startx (COLS − p_win−width)/2;p_win−border.ls |;p_win−border.rs |;p_win−border.ts −;p_win−border.bs −;p_win−border.tl ;p_win−border.tr ;p_win−border.bl ;p_win−border.br ;
}
void print_win_params(WIN *p_win)
{
#ifdef _DEBUGmvprintw(25, 0, %d %d %d %d, p_win−startx, p_win−starty, p_win−width, p_win−height);refresh();
#endif
}
void create_box(WIN *p_win, bool flag)
{ int i, j;int x, y, w, h;x p_win−startx;y p_win−starty;w p_win−width;h p_win−height;if(flag TRUE){ mvaddch(y, x, p_win−border.tl);mvaddch(y, x w, p_win−border.tr);mvaddch(y h, x, p_win−border.bl);mvaddch(y h, x w, p_win−border.br);mvhline(y, x 1, p_win−border.ts, w − 1);mvhline(y h, x 1, p_win−border.bs, w − 1);mvvline(y 1, x, p_win−border.ls, h − 1);mvvline(y 1, x w, p_win−border.rs, h − 1);}elsefor(j y; j y h; j)for(i x; i x w; i)mvaddch(j, i, );refresh();
}8. 颜色
has_colors()来测试是否有颜色start_color()在使用颜色之前需要进行调用。 init_color()初始化颜色。
8.1 代码示例
#include ncurses.h
void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string);
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{ initscr();if(has_colors() FALSE){ endwin();printf(Your terminal does not support color\n);exit(1);}start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_RED, COLOR_BLACK);attron(COLOR_PAIR(1));print_in_middle(stdscr, LINES / 2, 0, 0, Viola !!! In color ...);attroff(COLOR_PAIR(1));getch();endwin();
}
void print_in_middle(WINDOW *win, int starty, int startx, int width, char *string)
{ int length, x, y;float temp;if(win NULL)win stdscr;getyx(win, y, x);if(startx ! 0)x startx;if(starty ! 0)y starty;if(width 0)width 80;length strlen(string);temp (width − length)/ 2;x startx (int)temp;mvwprintw(win, y, x, %s, string);refresh();
}
8.2 颜色宏定义
#define COLOR_BLACK 0
#define COLOR_RED 1
#define COLOR_GREEN 2
#define COLOR_YELLOW 3
#define COLOR_BLUE 4
#define COLOR_MAGENTA 5
#define COLOR_CYAN 6
#define COLOR_WHITE 78.3 改变颜色定义
用init_color(COLOR_RED, 0, 0, 400) 后面跟的是颜色的rgb的值。
8.4 颜色内容
color_content()和pair_content()可以获取颜色内容前景、背景对。
8.5 chgat()函数
不移动游标的情况下改变一组字符的颜色。 chgat(−1, A_REVERSE, 0, NULL)
使用例子
#include ncurses.h
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
initscr(); start_color(); init_pair(1, COLOR_CYAN, COLOR_BLACK);printw(A Big string which i didnt care to type fully );mvchgat(0, 0, −1, A_BLINK, 1, NULL); refresh();getch();endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}9. 键盘交互
9.1 基本用法
接受键盘的信号还是通过输入字符的判断来实现的。
int ch;
ch getch();if (ch KEY_F1)...// 应用逻辑9.2 使用范例
#include stdio.h
#include ncurses.h#define WIDTH 30
#define HEIGHT 10 int startx 0;
int starty 0;char *choices[] { Choice 1,Choice 2,Choice 3,Choice 4,Exit,};
int n_choices sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *);
void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight);int main()
{ WINDOW *menu_win;int highlight 1;int choice 0;int c;initscr();clear();noecho();cbreak(); /* Line buffering disabled. pass on everything */startx (80 - WIDTH) / 2;starty (24 - HEIGHT) / 2;menu_win newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx);keypad(menu_win, TRUE);mvprintw(0, 0, Use arrow keys to go up and down, Press enter to select a choice);refresh();print_menu(menu_win, highlight);while(1){ c wgetch(menu_win);switch(c){ case KEY_UP:if(highlight 1)highlight n_choices;else--highlight;break;case KEY_DOWN:if(highlight n_choices)highlight 1;else highlight;break;case 10:choice highlight;break;default:mvprintw(24, 0, Charcter pressed is %3d Hopefully it can be printed as %c, c, c);refresh();break;}print_menu(menu_win, highlight);if(choice ! 0) /* User did a choice come out of the infinite loop */break;} mvprintw(23, 0, You chose choice %d with choice string %s\n, choice, choices[choice - 1]);clrtoeol();refresh();endwin();return 0;
}void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight)
{int x, y, i; x 2;y 2;box(menu_win, 0, 0);for(i 0; i n_choices; i){ if(highlight i 1) /* High light the present choice */{ wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, %s, choices[i]);wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE);}elsemvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, %s, choices[i]);y;}wrefresh(menu_win);
}10. 与鼠标交互
10.1 基本介绍
需要用函数mousemask( mmask_t newmask, mmask_t *oldmask)来开启监听鼠标的事件。
鼠标事件 BUTTON1_PRESSED mouse button 1 downBUTTON1_RELEASED mouse button 1 upBUTTON1_CLICKED mouse button 1 clickedBUTTON1_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 1 double clickedBUTTON1_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 1 triple clickedBUTTON2_PRESSED mouse button 2 downBUTTON2_RELEASED mouse button 2 upBUTTON2_CLICKED mouse button 2 clickedBUTTON2_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 2 double clickedBUTTON2_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 2 triple clickedBUTTON3_PRESSED mouse button 3 downBUTTON3_RELEASED mouse button 3 upBUTTON3_CLICKED mouse button 3 clickedBUTTON3_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 3 double clickedBUTTON3_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 3 triple clickedBUTTON4_PRESSED mouse button 4 downBUTTON4_RELEASED mouse button 4 upBUTTON4_CLICKED mouse button 4 clickedBUTTON4_DOUBLE_CLICKED mouse button 4 double clickedBUTTON4_TRIPLE_CLICKED mouse button 4 triple clickedBUTTON_SHIFT shift was down during button state changeBUTTON_CTRL control was down during button state changeBUTTON_ALT alt was down during button state changeALL_MOUSE_EVENTS report all button state changesREPORT_MOUSE_POSITION report mouse movement10.2 监听鼠标事件
通过getMouse(MEVENT *) 来获取鼠标事件的状态。
事件的结构体 typedef struct{short id; /* ID to distinguish multiple devices */int x, y, z; /* event coordinates */mmask_t bstate; /* button state bits */} 判断事件发生 MEVENT event;ch getch();if(ch KEY_MOUSE)if(getmouse(event) OK). /* Do some thing with the event */..if(event.bstate BUTTON1_PRESSED)printw(Left Button Pressed);10.3 使用实例
#include ncurses.h#define WIDTH 30
#define HEIGHT 10 int startx 0;
int starty 0;char *choices[] { Choice 1,Choice 2,Choice 3,Choice 4,Exit,};int n_choices sizeof(choices) / sizeof(char *);void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight);
void report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice);int main()
{ int c, choice 0;WINDOW *menu_win;MEVENT event;/* Initialize curses */initscr();clear();noecho();cbreak(); //Line buffering disabled. pass on everything/* Try to put the window in the middle of screen */startx (80 - WIDTH) / 2;starty (24 - HEIGHT) / 2;attron(A_REVERSE);mvprintw(23, 1, Click on Exit to quit (Works best in a virtual console));refresh();attroff(A_REVERSE);/* Print the menu for the first time */menu_win newwin(HEIGHT, WIDTH, starty, startx);print_menu(menu_win, 1);/* Get all the mouse events */mousemask(ALL_MOUSE_EVENTS, NULL);while(1){ c wgetch(menu_win);switch(c){ case KEY_MOUSE:if(getmouse(event) OK){ /* When the user clicks left mouse button */if(event.bstate BUTTON1_PRESSED){ report_choice(event.x 1, event.y 1, choice);if(choice -1) //Exit chosengoto end;mvprintw(22, 1, Choice made is : %d String Chosen is \%10s\, choice, choices[choice - 1]);refresh(); }}print_menu(menu_win, choice);break;}}
end:endwin();return 0;
}void print_menu(WINDOW *menu_win, int highlight)
{int x, y, i; x 2;y 2;box(menu_win, 0, 0);for(i 0; i n_choices; i){ if(highlight i 1){ wattron(menu_win, A_REVERSE); mvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, %s, choices[i]);wattroff(menu_win, A_REVERSE);}elsemvwprintw(menu_win, y, x, %s, choices[i]);y;}wrefresh(menu_win);
}/* Report the choice according to mouse position */
void report_choice(int mouse_x, int mouse_y, int *p_choice)
{ int i,j, choice;i startx 2;j starty 3;for(choice 0; choice n_choices; choice)if(mouse_y j choice mouse_x i mouse_x i strlen(choices[choice])){ if(choice n_choices - 1)*p_choice -1; else*p_choice choice 1; break;}
}11. 屏幕操作
11.1 getyx(win, y,x )
取得游标此时的坐标
11.2 scr_dump()
保存屏幕信息
11.3 窗口保存
putwin()保存窗口信息到文件 getwin() copywin()
12. 杂项
12.1 cur_set()
游标可见性设置
0 : invisible or
1 : normal or
2 : very visible.12.2 暂时离开curse模式 #include ncurses.hint main()
{ initscr(); /* Start curses mode */printw(Hello World !!!\n); /* Print Hello World */refresh(); /* Print it on to the real screen */def_prog_mode(); /* Save the tty modes */endwin(); /* End curses mode temporarily */system(/bin/sh); /* Do whatever you like in cooked mode */reset_prog_mode(); /* Return to the previous tty mode*//* stored by def_prog_mode() */refresh(); /* Do refresh() to restore the *//* Screen contents */printw(Another String\n); /* Back to curses use the full */refresh(); /* capabilities of curses */endwin(); /* End curses mode */return 0;
}12.3 ACS_标量 #include ncurses.hint main()
{initscr();printw(Upper left corner ); addch(ACS_ULCORNER); printw(\n); printw(Lower left corner ); addch(ACS_LLCORNER); printw(\n);printw(Lower right corner ); addch(ACS_LRCORNER); printw(\n);printw(Tee pointing right ); addch(ACS_LTEE); printw(\n);printw(Tee pointing left ); addch(ACS_RTEE); printw(\n);printw(Tee pointing up ); addch(ACS_BTEE); printw(\n);printw(Tee pointing down ); addch(ACS_TTEE); printw(\n);printw(Horizontal line ); addch(ACS_HLINE); printw(\n);printw(Vertical line ); addch(ACS_VLINE); printw(\n);printw(Large Plus or cross over ); addch(ACS_PLUS); printw(\n);printw(Scan Line 1 ); addch(ACS_S1); printw(\n);printw(Scan Line 3 ); addch(ACS_S3); printw(\n);printw(Scan Line 7 ); addch(ACS_S7); printw(\n);printw(Scan Line 9 ); addch(ACS_S9); printw(\n);printw(Diamond ); addch(ACS_DIAMOND); printw(\n);printw(Checker board (stipple) ); addch(ACS_CKBOARD); printw(\n);printw(Degree Symbol ); addch(ACS_DEGREE); printw(\n);printw(Plus/Minus Symbol ); addch(ACS_PLMINUS); printw(\n);printw(Bullet ); addch(ACS_BULLET); printw(\n);printw(Arrow Pointing Left ); addch(ACS_LARROW); printw(\n);printw(Arrow Pointing Right ); addch(ACS_RARROW); printw(\n);printw(Arrow Pointing Down ); addch(ACS_DARROW); printw(\n);printw(Arrow Pointing Up ); addch(ACS_UARROW); printw(\n);printw(Board of squares ); addch(ACS_BOARD); printw(\n);printw(Lantern Symbol ); addch(ACS_LANTERN); printw(\n);printw(Solid Square Block ); addch(ACS_BLOCK); printw(\n);printw(Less/Equal sign ); addch(ACS_LEQUAL); printw(\n);printw(Greater/Equal sign ); addch(ACS_GEQUAL); printw(\n);printw(Pi ); addch(ACS_PI); printw(\n);printw(Not equal ); addch(ACS_NEQUAL); printw(\n);printw(UK pound sign ); addch(ACS_STERLING); printw(\n);refresh();getch();endwin();return 0;
}Ref
linux-ho-to
